Volumetric Analysis: Lab Report

Floyd Askew 3/19/13 CHEM 1211L Lab Report Introduction The purpose of this lab is to use volumetric analysis to determine the concentration of unknown substances. A sodium hydroxide solution is standardized to assist in finding the concentration of an acetic acid. An indicator must be used to pin point the equivalence point, the point in which 1 mole of a substance is equal to 1 mole of another. When that is found, we can determine the concentration. HC2H3O2 (aq) + NaOH (aq) H2O (l) + NaC2H3O2 (aq) The above equation is used to neutralize the acetic acid.The acid reacts with a base to produce water and a salt. Because there’s a 1:1 ratio, the moles of the acid must equal the moles of the base in order to reach the equivalence point. As far as the indicators go, an acid-base indicator will be used to show when we are close to the end point. For example, when HIn is dissociated In – is produced and it is pink. (See equation below) HIn + H2O H3O + +In – Procedure St andardization of NaOH Solution 1. A known amount of KHP is transferred to an Erlenmeyer flask and an accurately measured amount of water is added to make up a solution. . NaOH solution is carefully added to the KHP solution from a buret until we reach the equivalence point. At the equivalence point, all the KHP present has been neutralized by the added NaOH and the solution is still colorless. However, if we add just one more drop of NaOH solution from the buret, the solution will immediately turn pink because the solution is now basic. Titration of an unknown 1. A measured amount of an acid of unknown concentration is added to a flask using a buret. An appropriate indicator such as phenolphthalein is added to the solution. The indicator will indicate, by a color change, when the acid and base has been neutralized). 2. Base (standard solution) is slowly added to the acid. 3. The process is continued until the indicator shows that neutralization has occurred. This is called the END P OINT. The end point is usually signaled by a sharp change in the color of the indicator in the acid solution. In acid-base titrations, indicators are substances that have distinct different colors in acid and base (Phenolphthalein pink in base, colorless in acid). 4. At the equivalence point, both acid and base have been completely neutralized and the solution is still colorless.However, if we add just one more drop of NaOH solution from the buret, the solution will immediately turn pink because the solution is now basic. This slight excess of NaOH is not much beyond the end point. The volume of the base is recorded and used to determine the molarity of the acetic acid solution. Experimental Data Standardization of NaOH solution | Trial 1| Trial 2| Trial 3| Mass of KHP| 0. 297 g| 0. 325 g| 0. 309 g| Initial buret reading, NaOH| 0. 00 mL| 0. 50 mL| 7. 70 mL| Final buret reading, NaOH| 32. 0 mL| 34. 0 mL| 38. 7 mL| Volume used, NaOH| 32. 0 mL| 33. mL| 31. 0 mL| Molarity of NaOH soluti on| 0. 0454 M| 0. 0475 M| 0. 0488 M| Average molarity of NaOH| 0. 0472 M| Titration of unknown | Trial 1| Trial 2| Trial 3| Initial buret reading, NaOH| 2. 70 mL| 19. 9 mL| 0. 00 mL| Final buret reading, NaOH| 19. 9 mL| 36. 2 mL| 19. 8 mL| Volume used, NaOH| 17. 2 mL| 16. 3 mL| 19. 8 mL| Molarity of acetic acid solution| 0. 0780 M| 0. 0769 M| 0. 0935 M| Average molarity of acetic acid solution| 0. 0828 M| Sample Calculations The following calculations were used for each Trial, but only inputs for Trial 1 will be shown below.Volume = Final buret reading – Initial buret reading i. Volume of NaOH = Final buret reading of NaOH – Initial buret reading of NaOH ii. Volume of NaOH = 32. 0 mL NaOH – 0. 00 mL NaOH iii. Volume of NaOH = 32. 0 mL Molarity = Moles/Liters i. Molarity of NaOH solution = (mass of KHP/molar mass of KHP) / Volume of NaOH ii. Molarity of NaOH solution = (0. 2966 g/204. 22 g)/0. 032 L iii. Molarity of NaOH solution = 0. 0454 M Molarity of acetic ac id = (Molarity NaOH * Volume NaOH) / Volume Acetic Acid i. Molarity of acetic acid = (0. 0472 M * 0. 0172 L)/ 0. 1 L ii. Molarity of acetic acid = 0. 0780 M Percent Error = Experimenal value-Accepted valueAccepted value*100 i. Percent Error of Molarity of NaOH = 0. 0472 M-0. 05 M0. 05 M*100 ii. Percent Error of Molarity of NaOH = 5. 6% i. Percent Error of Molarity of acetic acid = 0. 078 M-0. 080 M0. 080 M*100 ii. Percent Error of Molaarity of acetic acid = 2. 5% Discussion The results obtained from the experiment proved to the principle that using the indictor we can find the end point, which is very close to the equivalence point of an acidic solution.Then using that point we were able to calculate the unknown molarity which was one of the goals of the experiment. The calculations also verify Boyle’s Theory. When we calculated the molarity of the acetic solution, an average value of 0. 078 M was obtained. The true value of the molarity of the acetic acid solution was 0. 08 M. Although it isn’t right on, it is very close to the true value which leads me into discussing the percent error. We found the percent error of the molarity of NaOH to be 5. 6%, and the percent error of the molarity of acetic acid to be 2. 5%, which are both pretty small.The error may have occurred when adding NaOH solution. Occasionally slightly more pressure was put on tilts of the piece on the buret to allow the solution to flow through. This means that more of the solution may have been used than needed. Overall, experiment agrees with the formulated hypothesis. Pre-Lab and Post Lab Questions Pre-Lab 1. Molarity of NaOH solution = (mass of KHP/molar mass of KHP) / Volume of NaOH a. Molarity = (0. 2816 g/204. 22 g)/29. 68 mL Molarity = 4. 64*10-5 M 2. Molarity of acetic acid = (Molarity NaOH * Volume NaOH) / Volume Acetic Acid b.Molarity = ((4. 64*10-5 M)*20. 22 mL)/10. 06 mL Molarity = 9. 34*10-5 M Post Lab 1. A. TD B. TD 2. A graduated cylinder with calibration type TD could be used to deliver a certain amount of a liquid into another container. A graduated cylinder marked TC could be used to contain an accurate volume of a liquid that is to be mixed with another solution, where the experiment is to be done inside of that graduated cylinder. 3. 50g * 1mol /49. 997g = 1 mol 100g * 1mL / 1. 53g = 1L / 15. 3 1mol / (1L / 1. 53) = 1mol* 1. 53 / 1L = 15. 3 mol/L= 15. 3 M

Distance Education Essay

We normally take our studies in a structured establishment called classroom located a place called school. Every day, we wake up early, leave our homes, pay for transportation fees and finally reach to our second home, the classroom. As we welcome ourselves in Mindanao State University, we are lucky to meet different kinds of people from different kinds of places. People from Glan, Tacurong, Marbel and all over Mindanao are your schoolmates and classmates. You share experiences with them, telling stories about their place that makes you as if you were once there. But, what if there are some people who want to study but for some reasons, they cannot go to school, will they be able to study despite their situations they face? Our world is constantly changing and getting more complicated, that is why human beings formulated new innovations and techniques regarding their educational careers. Distance Learning or Distant education is a mode of delivering education and instruction, often on an individual basis, to students who are not physically present in a traditional setting such as a classroom. It is not a face to face interaction just like we do in schools. There is a quite large distance and time between the learner and the teacher. Typical students who enroll at Distant Education courses are people who are too busy in their careers that they have no time to spend in school. Celebrities like Anne Curtis are a student of Distant Education. Or you can be a student with physical disabilities that you find it hard to go to school. Or maybe the courses offered are available only in far places. There are many possible students of this kind of education. There are many modes of communication in distant learning. It can through the telephone, letter or the most common type, the internet where you can see each other and contact directly to one another. There are many instructional materials can be used. It can be an audio tool, video, a print, or a softcopy data. There are some advantages of this type of education. First, it’s potential. The opportunities for distance education have exploded along with increased use of the Internet. The original distance education programs used print materials, but the majority of current programs use online software and programs to replicate a classroom setting. Many degrees are available through distance programs, including high school, college and post-graduate diplomas. There are now distance education options for nearly every career choice, from nursing to accounting. It is also flexible. Distance education provides opportunities for people who may have trouble attending a traditional institution such as stay-at-home moms, people working full time or members of the military. Many online educational programs allow you to work at your own pace, so you can fit your education into your schedule. Also, the cost of distant education is cheaper. In many cases distance education can be considerably cheaper than attending a traditional college. Not only are the classes cheaper, but you can learn from the comfort of your own home and not have to pay for room and board or transportation. On the other hand, Distant Learning losses interaction with the other students is one of the advantages of it. Distant education is commonly one student in one teacher so only 2 of you are interacting with one another, or sometimes, communication is only one way where only the teacher is active in communicating. It is not easy to motivate if you are the only one or the only peer in the learning ground. It is also self-paced so it is less motivating. It is quite amazing that humans are able to deliberate this mode of learning. It sounded like cool to me in a sense that it involves or let’s say it is dependent of technology which is an asset when it comes to employment. It gives us an idea that education is truly for all for those who are willing to learn – – busy schedule or disabled, still allot their time and effort for studying. In part of the teachers, it will open new ways of learning and of course, employment and income will increase. This education will be in- demand especially to foreigners who want to speak in English and many more. When my professor once introduced distant education in the class, I was quite convinced to study in that way. If I learn the mechanics of Distant learning, I someday may become a teacher of distant education. I want to help students who are especially handicapped or something. It is a proof that education will be non-discriminating, and I hope this type of learning will continue to grow as they produce competent students.

German Holidays and Customs Calendar

Online Gambling Newtown Online Casino Essay - 1901 Words

NewTown Online Casino Malaysia The Most Preferred Online Casino Product in Malaysia Newtown Online Casino Malaysia (also known as NTC33) is another outstanding online betting product that is highly favored by the local online casino gamers. By leveraging on the exceptional slot games rendered by Playtech, Newtown Casino has deeply penetrated into the local online betting sphere, which is also highly renowned as one of the most remarkable online slot games in Malaysia. Moreover, there are numerous high-end live casino games under its product offerings which have further supplemented Newtown Casino’s product portfolio to some certain extents. As a matter of fact, Playtech’s dominance in the Malaysian online casino industry has significantly helped Newtown Casino to foster a strong market presence over the past several years. Trendy Live Casino Games are in Play In Malaysia, live casino games and online slot games have long been the mainstream online gambling products for many years. Considering the growing needs for premium online betting products locally, Newtown Casino has never stopped polishing its casino game interface as well as system’s capability, in order to fulfill the general market requirements of the local casino players. To provide the best visual enjoyment, hundreds of sexy live casino dealers have been employed to perform table and card games under its live casino game series. In fact, these live casino games are all directly broadcasted from the studio casinos

Implications of Cultural Communication in Business

Implications of cross-cultural communication in business: A study of Swedish small enterprise â€Å"ImseVimse† and its international distributors and retailers Master in International Management Gotland University Supervisors: Fredrik Sjà ¶strand Per Lind Authors: Maka Kvantaliani Olga Klimina Spring 2011 Visby In times of rapid economic development and internationalization of business, effective cross-cultural communication among managers remains a challenge. This thesis aims to research and analyze crosscultural communication in business context based on qualitative case study of a small Swedish company and its international business partners. Previous research has focused on differences and similarities in people‟s behaviour and ways†¦show more content†¦8 2.7. 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Muse free essay sample

When you hear the words classical music, the first composer that many people the Ink of Is Beethoven. Can you think of any reasons why this Is so? If one says rock muss who is the first person you think of and why? 2. In the 19th century, the lied or art song was a very important development. The Ii RISC to these songs frequently dealt with disappointment in love, with the beauty of n tauter, with magic. In todays songs, what are some of the themes being sung about? 3. The piano became the single most important instrument of the 19th century.Which instrument would have this distinction today and why? 6. Listen to Schubert Erelong. Why is this sometimes called a mini- opera? Excluding the narrator, list the other three characters in the Erelong, and De scribe how Schubert has portrayed them in the music. 1. For my experience, I have taken music classes since my primary school, at the first beginning, teachers taught us the fundamental knowledge Includes Influential famous musician. We will write a custom essay sample on Muse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The most emphasized Is Beethoven. I think everyone cannot reject the first knowledge deeply built in his mind in childhood times.As for rock music, hat will remind me of Less Baxter, who was the first guy to take Rock and Roll into the Top 40, which gave me the first Impression of Rock music. 2. I think the themes of lyrics of songs dealt with disappointment in love has been developed and become a tradition of current songs. Today, the pop music are still Involved around love, breaking hearts, and yearn for love. The reason for this, In my opinion, we are human. We need that love feeling to touch the nature of the world. And make our lives better and unique. 3.Piano has large array of keys and diverse spectrum of octaves and notes, which aka It capable of conveying practically and type of felling or musical Inspiration. Hence, it possess the ability of occupying the role of the single most important instrument of the 19th century even though it is unwieldy and non portable. In current times, some instrument like violin with Identical or similar complexity. Besides, violin Is much smaller, higher pitched. Some other members of violin family of string instruments includes viola, cello, and doubles. Many advancements in instruments change the monopoly of piano. 4.Because the form of Erelong Is through-composed(ever changing accompaniment wrought the piece). As we know, through-composed Is a musical term with a variety of different meanings. Depending on the context the term can mean either music that is completely non-repetitive, music that is not interrupted by dialogue or music that is composed In linear order. [1] The term through-composed Is also applied to opera and musical theater to Indicate the extent of music. Some we can say, Erelong Is a little-opera. The other three characters are Reeling, Child, and Father. Reeling has two distinct styles. One is distinct, which make the melody soundsChild, and the simple rhythm, which Reeling want show his nice to the child. The other style is more insistent and angry. Child uses high pitch. Repeated lines, like my father, my father is mostly used in main characteristic. The pitch is rising with each singing, which represents the growth of anxiety of the child. Eventually, the Child is nearly screaming. The tone is only raised one half, which suggests the weak of child to shout any more. At the beginning, the singing rhythms are simple, but gets more anxious. Father uses lower tone. His tone rises toward the end, because he is coming alarmed for his son.Rather, the key modulates C minor, as far as possible from the home key of G minor, adding to the feeling of stress. [2] 2. Please listen to the first movement of Beethovens Symphony #5. What is it that makes this music so forceful ? (Hint: it isnt Just because it sounds louder) How would {oh compare it with the Symphony of Haydn we listened to in a previous chapter? Ere Symphony 5 is in C minor. Beethoven bends sonata form to his most famous classical composition almost all the time. He takes the smallest of motives, which is horn short short long and employs it as a unifying device through the first movement.Imitations and sequences are used to expand the theme, these pithy imitations tumbling over each other with such rhythmic to form a single, flowing melody. Shortly after, a very short fortissimo bridge. Which presents in a forceful and dynamic fashion. The first movement, provides challenges to sonata form. On second hand, it starts out with two dramatic fortissimo phrases, the famous motif, which commanding the listeners attention. Ere first movement opens with the four-note motif, which is one of the most famous n western music.

Macbeth Tragedy Or Satire Essays - Characters In Macbeth

Macbeth: Tragedy or Satire? Macbeth: Tragedy or Satire? William Shakespeare wrote four great tragedies, the last of which was written in 1606 and titled Macbeth. This "tragedy", as it is considered by societal critics of yesterday's literary world, scrutinizes the evil dimension of conflict, offering a dark and gloomy atmosphere of a world dominated by the powers ofdarkness. Macbeth, more so than any of Shakespeare's other tragic protagonists, has to face the powers and decide: should he succumb or should he resist? Macbeth understands the reasons for resisting evil and yet he proceeds with a disastrous plan, instigated by the prophecies of the three Weird Sisters. Thus we must ask the question: If Macbeth is acting on the impulses stimulated by the prophecies of his fate, is this Shakespearean work of art really a Tragedy? Aristotle, one of the greatest men in the history of human thought, interpreted Tragedy as a genre aimed to present a heightened and harmonious imitation of nature, and, in particular, those aspects of nature that touch most closely upon human life. This I think Macbeth attains. However, Aristotle adds a few conditions. According to Aristotle, a tragedy must have six parts: plot, character, diction, thought, spectacle, and song. Most important is the plot, the structure of the incidents. Tragedy is not an imitation of men, but of action and life. It is by men's actions that they acquire happiness or sadness. Aristotle stated, in response to Plato, that tragedy produces a healthful effect on the human character through a katharsis, a "proper purgation" of "pity and terror." A successful tragedy, then, exploits and appeals at the start to two basic emotions: fear and pity. Tragedy deals with the element of evil, with what we least want and most fear to face, and with what is destructive to human life and values. It also draws out our ability to sympathize with the tragic character, feeling some of the impact of the evil ourselves. Does Macbeth succeed at this level? Can the reader feel pity and terror for Macbeth? Or does the reader feel that Macbeth himself is merely a branch from the root of all evil and not the poor, forsaken, fate-sunken man, according to Aristotle's idea of tragedy, he is supposed to portray? Can the reader "purge" his emotions of pity and fear by placing himself in the chains of fate Macbeth has been imprisoned in? Or does he feel the power and greed upon which Macbeth thrives, prospers, and finally falls? I believe the latter is the more likely reaction, and that the reader sees Macbeth as a bad guy, feeling little or no pity for him. Aristotle also insists that the main character of a tragedy must have a "tragic flaw." Most tragedies fail, according to Aristotle, due to the rendering of character. To allow the character to simply be a victim of unpredictable and undeserved calamities would violate the complete, self- contained unity of action in the tragedy. If that is so, and if we assume that the group of three witches is a realistic possibility, then is not Macbeth such a victim? Does he really deserve the misfortune that is brought him by his fortune? After all, Macbeth is introduced to the reader as an honest and humble leader. His fate, once having been revealed to him, drives him to greed, elevates his lust for power, and coins a conceited and misguided trust in his seemingly eternal mortality. Diction, the expression of the meaning in words, is near perfect in Macbeth, simply because it is written by William Shakespeare, the inventor of perfect diction. Thought--the task of saying what is possible and pertinent in the circumstances of the play--can not be disputed. Spectacle and Song are the effects that highlight the play, and are pertinent in providing an emotional attraction. Such elements are easily found in Shakespeare. Macbeth is written with the style and grace that only Shakespeare could provide. Thus, these elements of tragic drama can not be challenged in this argument. While we need to consider that Macbeth strives on power, and in doing so loses his values of humility and humanity, it should not be forgotten that Macbeth does, at certain times, feel remorse for things he has done. In Act 2, Scene 2, Macbeth confides in Lady Macbeth after the murder of Duncan: But wherefore could not I pronounce "Amen"? I had most need of blessing, and "Amen" Stuck in my throat. and: Methought I heard a voice cry "Sleep no more! Macbeth does murder sleep," the innocent sleep, Sleep that knits up the raveled sleave of care, The death of